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Page 1
WRIGHT PALEOHYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE
To further the knowledge of past civilizations through the study of ancient water management and practices.
Kenneth R. Wright
2490 W. 26
th
Ave., Ste. 100A
Ruth M. Wright
Denver, CO 80211
Dr. Jack E. Smith
Dr. Gordon F. McEwan
Gwenn Dooley
Terri Ohlson
November 22, 2002
303-480-1700
Re:
Report on Machu Picchu and How Well Your Contribution was Used
Dear Contributor:
Ruth and I (along with Eric Bikis, Andrew Earles and Kurt Loptien) returned from Machu Picchu
and Lima in September, where we had a successful research-oriented effort.
We delivered two invited lectures that were something new for us in Peru; the first was in the
Municipalidad Distrital de Machupicchu. The second was in Lima at Peru’s National Engineering
University, where I got a nice award, but more about the lectures later.
At Machu Picchu we undertook an program of four projects that involved (1) mapping the ruins on
top of Huayna Picchu Mountain, (2) exploring for new trails east and downhill of Machu Picchu, (3)
exploring for a new Inca trail up Machu Picchu Mountain from a huaca (shrine) and control station
that we termed “Ruth’s project” and (4) collecting soil samples for prehistoric pollen testing at
Texas A&M University. All four projects turned out well. Our four Peruvian archaeologists were
very happy with our success.
First of all, mapping the Huayna Picchu Mountain was strenuous because we had to climb up a long
way before we could commence work and, once on top with steep cliffs all around, we had to
exercise a high degree of caution to avoid an accident. At times we had four Denver Anglos, four
Peruvian archaeologists and five Quechuan Indian macheteros climbing around making
measurements. Our Peruvian colleague, Dr. Alfredo Valencia Zegarra, was pleased as he evaluated
the ruins, with one being identified as an usnu (very holy shrine).
The WPI team members
measuring and documenting the
usnu, high up on Huayna
Picchu, with a view of Machu
Picchu below.
Fax 303-480-1020
krw@wrightwater.com
www.wrightwater.com
Page 2
Contributor
November 22, 2002
Page 2
One of my jobs was to sketch the very top of the peak, which had many huge boulders that typically
were in the 10- to 20-ton range each. One rock has a large south arrow carved into it that most
climbers think is a seat but which is really an arrow pointing south toward Salcantay Mountain.
Next to it, thanks to Kurt Loptien, I photographed a large rock that had specialized shaping
underneath and was in a position such that the rock had to have been in the process of being moved
into a final position.
High up on Huayna
Picchu all our
measurements of walls
were carefully
recorded.
Andrew Earles at the
very top of Huayna
Picchu making a GPS
measurement. His
right foot is on the
prehistoric carved
arrow pointing south.
Elsewhere, the stonework and
terraces were of high quality and in
daring places, seemingly unfit for
Incan construction workers. We
mapped everything using a 1997
Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC)
drawing as a base, the drawing
being approximate in nature. We
also used tapes, compasses and two
Global Positioning System units.
The next project, the area east and downhill of the Lower Agricultural Sector of Machu Picchu was
also rich and with undiscovered ruins. Within 75 to 100 feet of the cleared area of the ruins we cut
and cleared the forest and found lots of interesting things. There was a 112-meter-long ramp,
branch trails (one of them leading up to the base of the Agricultural Barracks’ area stairway), a
baton (a metate—a flat stone for grinding corn that was 0.7 x 0.4 meters in size and still on its
foundation stones), a complete 20-centimeter (cm)-diameter olla (cooking bowl) covered with
charcoal and two dwelling buildings. Finding the trails helped answer questions as to why several
Machu Picchu stairways had appeared to lead nowhere. We found that the 112-meter ramp leads
right to an Inca opening in the outer wall downhill from the Agricultural Barracks. For years we
had wondered about this doorway.
The third project (Ruth’s) was most satisfactory of all. Right away (within one-half hour), after we
started cutting and clearing, we discovered a wall with an opening with stairs leading to a viewing
platform. It was just about 10 meters from the end of the stairway shown on page 121 of Ruth’s
guidebook that had sparked her curiosity.
Ruth’s project was a tough one. For two days we cut and cleared uphill of the stair opening but
found nothing but virgin ground and bugs (itchy). Finally one of the Quechuan Indians told me that
there was no trail up there—that it had to be to the left. I waived the macheteros on, and within one-
half hour they had cleared the beginning of a 1.7-meter-wide Inca trail leading uphill at about a 30-
percent slope. Over the next two days, they cleared 300 meters of fine trail but then lost it due to
Page 3
Contributor
November 22, 2002
Page 3
landslides and rock falls. Our hypothesis was that the trail would turn out to be the main route up
Machu Picchu Mountain, so part of the team started up on the mountain to try to work down, but to
no avail. Finally, we assigned the problem to our assistant chief archaeologist, Ives Bejar Mendoza,
to solve with an apprentice archaeologist and six macheteros. Presto, Ives found that the trail was
not to Machu Picchu Mountain but to Intipata, an agricultural area on the other side of the mountain
ridge. Ives, Freddy, Andrew and some macheteros tracked the trail to, and over, the ridge.
This metate (a.k.a. baton)
has been untouched for
450 years. It was
discovered during our
clearing operations.
Finally, for our fourth project, we collected soil samples from four locations for pollen testing (12
samples in all). Two were from untouched remote terraces on top of Huayna Picchu, one was from
a terrace near the baton and one was from a terrace on Una Picchu. At each location we collected
three soil samples (0 to 5 cm, 5 to 15 cm and 15 to 25 cm).
Near the end of our two-week effort, the Vice Mayor of Machu Picchu requested a public lecture;
we presented it on September 17 in the INC’s new building. It was well attended. The next
morning we met the Machu Picchu resident archaeologist, Alfredo Mormontoy, who hugged both
Ruth and me and thanked us for sharing what we learned with the local people. Everyone from our
Denver team were made honorary members of the local Andean Institute for Study of Machu
Picchu during a ceremony at our hotel with wine, cookies and much hand shaking. Then, Pedro
Ortiz presented me with a letter signed by the managers of the Machu Picchu ruins and the park
preserve. The letter asked Wright Water Engineers, Inc. to provide soccer shirts to the Machu
Picchu workers team like we had previously provided for the Machu Picchu professional workers.
(We have obliged.)
Before leaving Denver for Peru, Fernando Caller asked that we deliver a lecture in Lima at his
university. I agreed and suggested September 20, when we would be passing through. However,
the university was not in session at that time. Nonetheless, by telephone, we settled on 6:00 P.M.,
for a skeleton group of students and faculty. Later, an e-mail message was received at Machu
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Contributor
November 22, 2002
Page 4
Picchu advising of a change in time to 2:00 P.M. and stating they would have 200 attendees. Caller
asked that the lecture help explain the Incan engineering heritage, with a statement that it would
help improve the self-esteem of Peruvians by describing their Incan prehistoric engineering
achievements.
Near the top of the mountain, Kurt Loptien
and Eric Bikis measured the width and height
of each terrace.
Below: By sketching and measuring the
terraces, buildings and trails up high on
Huayna Picchu, we will be able to prepare an
archaeological map of the summit area.
We all met Sr. Caller at the Grand Hotel Bolivar in Lima for a quick lunch and then drove to the
Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria (UNI), where we conferred with the translator; we met a few
students and got ready. What followed was a total surprise. At the Grand Theater on campus
people came in; the stage was decorated with small American and Peruvian flags; a huge table was
draped in rich cloth; the university’s Rector, Secretary General, Dean of Engineering and Chairman
of the Civil Engineering Department arrived. I became nervous until I saw a place setting saying
“Kenneth Wright, Profesor Honoraria.” From that point on, it was all joy. The program started 25
minutes late, after we waited for the 325 people in the audience to file in and settle down. The
Secretary General started things; Sr. Caller made an impassioned speech about cultural heritage
(waiving our Machu Picchu book and Tipon report in the air) and talked about the research of the
North American engineers, and the Rector gave a speech (all in Spanish) about Incan research and
its rich legacy. Then, the Rector called upon me to accept the profesor honoraria diploma from the
UNI containing a nice statement and hung a heavy UNI medal around my neck. Then, it was time
to lecture! I started with a detailed introduction on Machu Picchu and the talented prehistoric Incan
engineers. Next, Eric described the geology of Machu Picchu. Then I launched into the body of the
lecture and described the many technical achievements at Machu Picchu. Andrew followed with a
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Contributor
November 22, 2002
Page 5
discussion of our mapping techniques, and all of this was translated into Spanish as we spoke. Dr.
Valencia then delivered 15 minutes of anthropological lecturing that tied our research work to the
Incan heritage and Peruvian culture.
After all of that, it was time to rest. But no, there was a period of joyful congratulations,
photographs and expressions of happiness that followed strong audience applause. Still it was not
over; the main party walked as a group to the next building for a reception with chi cha (Incan beer),
roasted maize kernels, more photographs and hearty congratulations. They asked us about
delivering more lectures at the UNI on a variety of civil engineering subjects during our next trip to
Lima.
The Grand Hotel Bolivar, an elegant old hotel in downtown Lima, was a welcome respite for Ruth
and me that evening. Andrew, Eric and Kurt went out looking for a nearby sports bar to toast the
success of the day. The next morning, we all rose at 3:00 A.M. to catch the flight home!
Very truly yours,
WRIGHT PALEOHYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE
By
______________________________
Kenneth R. Wright, P.E.
President
PS:
I’ll be in touch soon to describe our October scientific exploration at Mesa Verde National
Park where we proved that a 15-foot-high mound was an A.D. 800-950 reservoir.
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